Front
What is the difference between the atomic number and the mass number?
Back
Atomic number is the number of protons; mass number is protons plus neutrons.
Atomic number defines the element's identity on the periodic table.
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AP Chemistry - 50 Key Concepts
Prepare for AP Chemistry with 50 flashcards covering atomic structure, bonding, thermodynamics, kinetics, and more.
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Front
Define isotopes.
Back
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14.
Front
What does the Aufbau Principle state?
Back
Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first.
Follows the order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc.
Front
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
Back
An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
No two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers.
Front
What is Hund's Rule?
Back
Electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing up.
This minimizes electron-electron repulsion within a subshell.
Front
What is the equation for the energy of a photon?
Back
E = hν or E = hc/λ
h is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10^-34 J·s).
Front
What is the periodic trend for electronegativity?
Back
Increases across a period (left to right) and decreases down a group.
Fluorine is the most electronegative element.
Front
What is the periodic trend for atomic radius?
Back
Decreases across a period and increases down a group.
Decreases across a period due to increased effective nuclear charge (Zeff).
Front
What is the primary difference between ionic and covalent bonding?
Back
Ionic involves electron transfer; covalent involves electron sharing.
Ionic bonds typically form between metals and non-metals.
Front
Define Lattice Energy.
Back
The energy required to separate one mole of an ionic solid into gaseous ions.
Higher charges and smaller radii result in higher lattice energy.
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